Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a sudden and rapid decline in kidney function, occurring within hours or days. It leads to the accumulation of waste products, fluids, and electrolytes in the body, disrupting normal functions. AKI often happens due to reduced blood flow to the kidneys, direct kidney damage, or blockages in the urinary tract. Common causes include severe infections, dehydration, surgery, certain medications, and chronic illnesses. Symptoms may include decreased urine output, swelling, confusion, fatigue, and chest pain. Unlike chronic kidney disease, AKI can often be reversed with timely intervention. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause, managing complications, and supporting kidney recovery through hydration, medications, and dialysis if necessary.
Causes of AKI
- Reduced Blood Flow to Kidneys – Due to dehydration, low blood pressure, heart failure, or blood loss.
- Direct Kidney Damage – Caused by infections, medications (like antibiotics, NSAIDs), toxins, or autoimmune diseases.
- Urinary Tract Blockages – Due to kidney stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate preventing urine flow.
- Severe Infections (Sepsis) – Can cause inflammation and reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
- Autoimmune Diseases – Conditions like lupus can cause sudden inflammation in the kidneys.
- Contrast Dye Used in Medical Imaging – Some imaging tests use contrast dye that can harm the kidneys.
- Major Surgery or Trauma – Surgery or injuries causing significant blood loss can reduce kidney function.
Symptoms of AKI
- Decreased Urine Output – The most common symptom; however, some patients may still urinate normally.
- Swelling (Edema) – In the legs, ankles, and around the eyes due to fluid retention.
- Shortness of breathFatigue and weakness.Fatigue and Confusion – Buildup of toxins in the blood can affect brain function.
- Nausea, Vomiting, and Loss of Appetite – Caused by toxins accumulating in the blood.
- Irregular Heartbeat or Chest Pain – Due to electrolyte imbalances like high potassium.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Seizures or Coma – In severe cases, due to severe electrolyte imbalances or toxin buildup.
